Kodi aluminiyamu imayengedwa bwanji ndipo ili ndi zinthu ziti?

Aluminiyamu (Al) ndi chitsulo choyera chopepuka, chasiliva chomwe chili pa nambala wachitatu wochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi, kutsata mpweya ndi silicon yokha. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, sichimachitika mwachilengedwe mu mawonekedwe ake achitsulo choyera. M'malo mwake, chimapezeka m'zinthu, makamaka mkati mwa miyala ya bauxite, chisakanizo cha ma oxide a aluminiyamu ophatikizidwa kuphatikiza gibbsite (Al(OH)₃), boehmite (AlO(OH)), ndi diaspore.

Njira Yoyeretsera mu Magawo Awiri

Ulendo wochokera ku bauxite yaiwisi kupita kualuminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imaphatikizaponjira ziwiri zosiyana zamakampani.

Gawo loyamba ndi njira ya Bayer, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1888. Bauxite wophwanyidwa amasakanizidwa ndi yankho lotentha la sodium hydroxide pansi pa kukakamizidwa, kusungunula mchere wokhala ndi aluminiyamu ndikusiya zinyalala monga iron oxides ndi silica. Kenako yankho la sodium aluminate limasefedwa kuti lichotse zotsalira za matope ofiira, ndikuyikidwa ndi makristalo a aluminiyamu hydroxide, ndikusungunuka pa kutentha pafupifupi 1,100°C kuti apange alumina woyera, kapena aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃). Oposa 90% ya alumina padziko lonse lapansi tsopano amapangidwa kudzera munjira iyi.

Gawo lachiwiri ndi njira ya Hall Héroult. Alumina imakhala ndi malo osungunuka opitirira 2,000°C, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti electrolysis yachindunji ikhale yosagwira ntchito. Yankho lake ndi kusungunula Al₂O₃ mu cryolite yosungunuka (Na₃AlF₆), zomwe zimachepetsa kutentha kwa ntchito kufika pa 950~1,000°C. Kenako magetsi amadutsa mu chisakanizocho. Aluminium yosungunuka imasonkhana pansi (cathode), pomwe mpweya umasakanikirana ndi ma anode a kaboni kuti apange CO₂. Njira iyi ya electrolytic ikadali njira yokhayo yopangira aluminiyamu yoyambirira, yomwe imapanga chitsulo cha 99.5~99.8%.

Kodi Aluminiyamu Ili ndi Zinthu Ziti?

Aluminiyamu yoyera yokha imakhala ndi chinthu cha Al chokha, chokhala ndi nambala ya atomiki ya 13 ndi kulemera kwa atomiki pafupifupi 26.98 g/mol. Aluminiyamu yoyera yamalonda (98.8–99.7% Al) ili ndi zotsalira zazing'ono zachitsulo ndi silicon monga zodetsa zachilengedwe. Komabe, zambirintchito zimadalira aluminiyamu, kumene zinthu zinazake zimawonjezedwa mwadala kuti zigwirizane ndi mawonekedwe a makina.

Pa ntchito za kapangidwe kake, mndandanda wa 6000 (monga 6061) umagwiritsa ntchito magnesium ndi silicon ngati zinthu zake zazikulu zophatikizira, nthawi zambiri 0.8 ~ 1.2% Mg ndi 0.400 ~ .8% Si. Aloyi imapereka mphamvu yabwino kwambiri, kusinthasintha bwino, komanso makina abwino kwambiri.

Pazofunikira mphamvu zambiri, mndandanda wa 7000 (monga 7075) umaphatikizapo zinc ndi mkuwa ngati zinthu zazikulu zophatikizira, ndi pafupifupi 5.16 ~ .1% Zn ndi 1.2 ~ 2.0% Cu. T6 temper ya 7075 imapereka mphamvu yolimba pafupifupi kawiri kuposa 6061-T6, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndege ndi zida zogwirira ntchito bwino.

Kuchuluka kwa chromium, manganese, ndi titaniyamu kumapezekanso m'zinthu zogulitsa, chilichonse chimagwira ntchito yokonza tirigu ndi kukana dzimbiri. Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake ka chinthu chilichonse ndikofunikira posankha zinthu zoyenera pa ntchito zinazake zopangira kapena kupanga.