Anthu ambiri amaphatikiza aluminiyamu ndi zitini za zakumwa ndi mafelemu a mawindo omangidwa. Ndi ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti chitsulo chopangidwa bwino kwambiri ichi chili pakati pa ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri, yomwe imafunika padziko lonse lapansi matani 300,000 mpaka 400,000 pachaka, osakwana 1% ya mphamvu yonse ya aluminiyamu yoyambirira ya electrolytic, imathandizira magawo ofunikira kuyambira ma capacitor a electrolytic ndi kupanga ma semiconductor mpaka ma accelerator a tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe opanga akunyumba akupanga kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo mwachangu m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Tanthauzo ndi Kuyesa Kuyera
Aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imatchedwaaluminiyamu yokhala ndi chiyero chochepaya 99.99% (giredi ya 4N), yoposa kwambiri chiyero cha aluminiyamu wamba wamalonda wa 1000 series industrial pure. Mu uinjiniya wa zinthu, imagawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi mulingo wa chiyero, ndipo giredi iliyonse imagwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamakampani:
- 3N (99.9%): Aluminiyamu yoyera ya mafakitale, yogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zambiri komanso mabasi amagetsi
- 4N (99.99%): Aluminiyamu yoyera bwino, mtundu wa ntchito yopangira ma foil a capacitor a electrolytic ndi zokutira zowala
- 4N5 (99.995%): Aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri yapakati, yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma capacitor apamwamba komanso chakudya chogwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa madzi
- 5N (99.999%): Aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri, muyezo wa zida zolumikizira ma semiconductor ndi ma integrated circuit interconnects
- 6N (99.9999%): Aluminiyamu yoyera yamagetsi, yosungidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pa kafukufuku wamakono komanso zipangizo zoyendetsera zinthu zapamwamba
Mosiyana ndi aluminiyamu wamba, mtengo wa aluminiyamu woyeretsedwa kwambiri suli mu mphamvu ya makina. Mtengo wake wonse wamalonda umachokera ku zinthu zapadera zakuthupi zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwake kochepa kwambiri kwa kuipitsidwa. Umagawidwa m'magulu monga zinthu zogwirira ntchito, osati zinthu zomangira.
Njira Zopangira Zoyeretsera
Aluminiyamu yokhazikika yamagetsi imafuna kutsukidwa kwachiwiri kuti ifike pa kuyera kwa 4N ndi kupitirira apo. Ukadaulo waukulu woyeretsa umayang'anira makampaniwa, uliwonse uli ndi denga losiyana la kuyera ndi mbiri ya mtengo:
1. Ma electrolysis a zigawo zitatu: Amapeza chiyero cha 4N ~ 4N5 pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wokhwima komanso wotsimikizika, koma amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Imakhalabe njira yodziwika bwino yopangira aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri ya mafakitale, yokhala ndi ndalama zoyambira pakati mpaka zazikulu zopangira.
2. Kuyeretsa kosiyanitsa: Kumapereka chiyero cha 4N5~5N ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Yakhala njira yodziwika bwino yopangira zinthu zotayira ndi zinthu zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa magwiridwe antchito ndi ndalama.
3. Kuyeretsa malo: Kufikira kuyera kwa 5N~6N, komwe ndi kofunika kwambiri pa malonda, koma kuli ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri komanso mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri. Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa kafukufuku wasayansi ndi ntchito zoyeretsa kwambiri.
Katundu wa Zinthu Zapakati
Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwaaluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imachokera kuzinayi zomwe zimafotokoza makhalidwe akuthupi.
Choyamba, mphamvu yake yoyendetsera magetsi imafika pamlingo wa chiphunzitso. Potsatira lamulo la Matthiessen, maatomu odetsedwa amasokoneza lattice ya aluminiyamu ndikupanga malo ogawa ma elekitironi omwe amalepheretsa kuyenda kwa magetsi. Kuyera kwambiri kumatanthauza kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri ka kristalo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ikhale yabwino kwambiri. Aluminiyamu ya 4N grade imatha kufika 98% ya mphamvu ya aluminiyamu yoyera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale kochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera.
Chachiwiri, imapereka mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yoyendetsera kutentha. Aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imakwaniritsa mphamvu yoyendetsera kutentha ya 235 ~ 240 W/(m·K), pafupi ndi mphamvu yayikulu yoyerekeza. Popeza kusamutsa kutentha kumakhudzidwanso ndi kufalikira kwa utsi, kusintha kwa utsi kumachepetsa mwachindunji kukana kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zoyenera kuyang'anira kutentha kwamphamvu kwambiri.
Chachitatu, imakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba komanso mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri. Popeza palibe magawo olimba omwe ali mu kapangidwe kake kakang'ono, aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imakhala ndi pulasitiki yabwino kwambiri yokhala ndi kutalika kopitilira 40%. Ili ndi liwiro lochepa lolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikulungidwe m'mapepala opyapyala kwambiri okwana ma micrometer 5, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a kukula kwa tsitsi la munthu.
Chachinayi, imapereka kukana dzimbiri kwapamwamba. Aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imapanga filimu yolimba ya Al₂O₃ oxide pamwamba pake. Kuchepa kwa kuipitsidwa kumatanthauza kuti pali zolakwika zochepa mu oxide wosanjikiza uwu komanso kusiyana kochepa kwa dzimbiri komwe kungachitike, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukana dzimbiri kukhale bwino kwambiri m'malo ovuta.
Mapulogalamu Ofunika Kwambiri a Mafakitale
Aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imatumikira magawo anayi a mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri, iliyonse ili ndi zofunikira zolimba pazinthu.
1. Chojambula cha electrolytic capacitor: Ichi ndi ntchito yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri yoposa 60%. Imafuna kuyera kwa 4N ~ 5N, kapangidwe ka cubic ndi kukula kwa tirigu wolamulidwa bwino. Ma foil awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumagetsi amagetsi, makina atsopano owongolera zamagetsi, mayunitsi amphamvu a 5G base station, ma industrial frequency converters ndi ma photovoltaic inverters. Kapangidwe ka cubic tirigu kolondola kamalola kudulidwa kwa ma tunnel pores mofanana, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yeniyeni.
2. Kupanga ma semiconductor ndi zamagetsi: Zipangizo za semiconductor zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuipitsidwa ndi zitsulo. 5N+ aluminiyamu yoyera bwino imagwiritsidwa ntchito poika zigoli mu njira zotulutsira nthunzi (PVD) za zigawo zolumikizirana ndi ma chip, ndi zinthu zodetsa zitsulo za alkali zomwe zimayendetsedwa pamlingo wa ppb. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zama electrode mu zosefera za mafunde a acoustic ndi zida zamagetsi, komanso zinthu zotenthetsera kutentha kwambiri kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.
3. Zoyezera zamagetsi za vacuum ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono: Kuphatikiza kwake ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zambiri, mphamvu ya maginito yochepa kwambiri komanso mphamvu yochepa yotulutsa mpweya pansi pa vacuum kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pa zipinda zoyezera vacuum za tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kapangidwe ka RF cavity kopitilira muyeso komanso zida za electron beam.
4. Zigawo zowunikira: Pambuyo popukuta molondola,aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imakwaniritsaKuwunikira kwa kuwala kopitilira 90% mu ultraviolet spectrum ndi kopitilira 95% mu kuwala kooneka. Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa magalasi a makina owunikira kuwala kozama, zowunikira zakutali zowonera zamlengalenga, ndi makina amphamvu kwambiri a laser.
Zopinga Zaukadaulo ndi Chiyembekezo cha Msika
Kupanga aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri kumabweretsa mavuto atatu akuluakulu aukadaulo. Choyamba ndi kuwongolera kwambiri kuipitsidwa. Pa kalasi ya 4N, chitsulo chiyenera kusungidwa pansi pa 20 ppm, silicon pansi pa 15 ppm ndi mkuwa pansi pa 10 ppm; pa kalasi ya 5N+ semiconductor, zitsulo za alkali monga sodium, potaziyamu ndi calcium ziyenera kulamulidwa pansi pa 0.1 ppm, mulingo wa ppb chifukwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake kumawononga magwiridwe antchito a chipangizo cha semiconductor. Chachiwiri ndikusunga malo opangira zinthu oyera kwambiri, kufunikira zitseko za uvuni zoyera kwambiri komanso vacuum kapena mlengalenga woteteza kusungunuka kuti tipewe kuipitsidwa. Chachitatu ndi mtengo: 4N aluminiyamu imadula 3-5 nthawi ya aluminiyamu yokhazikika ya electrolytic, kalasi ya 5N imadula 10-20 nthawi, ndipo kalasi ya 6N imaposa mtengo woyambira nthawi 50 nthawi, chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, kuchepa kwa mtengo wa zida, zokolola zochepa komanso njira zambiri zoyeretsera.
Poyang'ana patsogolo, zinthu zitatu zazikulu zidzasintha msika. Magalimoto atsopano amphamvu ndi ma photovoltaic apitiliza kukulitsa kufunikira kwa ma grade 4N. Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo woyeretsa magawo pang'onopang'ono kudzalowa m'malo mwa mphamvu ya ma electrolysis ya magawo atatu, ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama. Chofunika kwambiri, kufulumizitsa malo a semiconductor kudzapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwachangu kwa ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi 5N+ m'nyumba.
Monga ogulitsa apadera a zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu m'mafakitale kuphatikizapo mapepala, mipiringidzo, machubu ndi ntchito zokonza molondola, timathandiza makasitomala m'magawo onse a zamagetsi, semiconductor ndi mphamvu zatsopano pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapamwamba za aluminiyamu ndi njira zopangira zinthu mwamakonda. Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena kukonza zinthu mwamakonda, funsani gulu lathu logulitsa zaukadaulo kuti mudziwe zambiri za zinthuzo komanso mtengo wokonzedwa mwamakonda.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-15-2026